地理信息系統(tǒng)概述

單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級,第三級,第四級,第五級,*,*,*,地理信息系統(tǒng)概述,數(shù)據(jù)和信息,(Data&Information),數(shù)據(jù),原始事實(shí),如：員工姓名，,數(shù)據(jù)可以有數(shù)值、圖形、聲音、視覺數(shù)據(jù)等,信息,以一定規(guī)則組織在一起的事實(shí)的集合。,信息和數(shù)據(jù)的關(guān)系,信息,=,數(shù)據(jù),+,說明,數(shù)據(jù)是信息的載體。,信息系統(tǒng),信息系統(tǒng)是具有數(shù)據(jù)采集、管理、分析和表達(dá)數(shù)據(jù)能力的系統(tǒng)，它能夠?yàn)閱我坏幕蛴薪M織的決策過程提供有用的信息。,一個(gè)基于計(jì)算機(jī)的信息系統(tǒng)包括計(jì)算機(jī)硬件、軟件、數(shù)據(jù)和用戶四大要素。,信息系統(tǒng)分類,信息系統(tǒng)分類,(Cont.),事物處理系統(tǒng),(Transaction Process System,TPS),管理信息系統(tǒng),(Management Information System,MIS),決策支持系統(tǒng),(Decision Support System,DSS),人工智能和專家系統(tǒng) 專家系統(tǒng),(Expert System,ES),空間和地理空間,Space,從數(shù)學(xué)、物理學(xué)、哲學(xué)、認(rèn)知心理學(xué)可以有不同的定義,Geographical Space,Geographic space is large-scale space,i.e.,space that is beyond the human body and that may represented by many different geometries at many different scales.,地理空間信息,有關(guān)地理實(shí)體的性質(zhì)、特征和運(yùn)動狀態(tài)的表征和一切有用的知識，它是對地理數(shù)據(jù)的解釋。,其最主要的特征：,所有的信息都具有地理位置參照,人類社會中,70-80%,的信息具有空間特性。,地理信息系統(tǒng),地理信息系統(tǒng),(Geographical Information System,GIS),是一種決策支持系統(tǒng)，它具有信息系統(tǒng)的各種特點(diǎn)。地理信息系統(tǒng)與其他信息系統(tǒng)的主要區(qū)別在于其存儲和處理的信息是經(jīng)過地理編碼的，地理位置及與該位置有關(guān)的地物屬性信息成為信息檢索的重要部分。在地理信息系統(tǒng)中，現(xiàn)實(shí)世界被表達(dá)成一系列的地理要素和地理現(xiàn)象，這些地理特征至少有空間位置參考信息和非位置信息兩個(gè)組成部分。,地理信息系統(tǒng)的三種定義視角,In 1991,David Maguire synthesized various GIS definitions into three distinct yet overlapping views,which he termed:the map,the database,and the spatial analysis views.,The map view focuses on cartographic aspects of GIS,viewing GIS as map processing or display systems in which the emphasis is on the ability of such systems to produce high quality maps and charts.,The database view of GIS emphasizes the importance of well-designed and implemented database systems in which complex analytical operations that require the use of many types of geographical data can be preformed.,The spatial analysis view of GIS focuses on analysis and modeling in which GIS is seen more as a spatial information science than a technology.,GIS,的組成,GIS,軟件的功能,GIS,和相關(guān)技術(shù),遙感,全球?qū)Ш叫l(wèi)星系統(tǒng),(GNSS),測繪,制圖,地理信息的應(yīng)用以及相關(guān)學(xué)科,GIS&GIScience&GIService,GIScience,a science which deals with generic issues that surround the use of GIS technology,hamper its successful implementation,or contribute to the understanding of its capabilities.,GIService,