電力系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)態(tài)10_新能源技術(shù)

,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級(jí),第三級(jí),第四級(jí),第五級(jí),*,單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,*,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級(jí),第三級(jí),第四級(jí),第五級(jí),單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,*,*,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級(jí),第三級(jí),第四級(jí),第五級(jí),單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,2024/9/18,1,新能源發(fā)電及其對(duì)電網(wǎng)的影響,徐青山,目錄,Outline,第五局部 風(fēng)電研究新動(dòng)向,Fifth part New trends of wind power researches,1,2,3,4,5,第一局部 國內(nèi)外新能源利用方式的比照,First part Comparison of the methods for developing new energy resources at home and abroad,第二局部 國內(nèi)外風(fēng)電開展?fàn)顩rSecond part Wind power development situation at home and abroad,第三局部 風(fēng)力發(fā)電的特點(diǎn)Third part Characteristics of wind power,第四局部 目前風(fēng)電并網(wǎng)的研究情況Fourth part Research situation of wind power integration at present,第一局部,國內(nèi)外新能源利用方式的比照,First part Comparison of the methods for developing new energy resources at home and abroad,4,國內(nèi)外新能源利用方式的比照 Comparison of the methods for developing new energy resources at home and abroad,國外,國內(nèi),目前德國、丹麥等國新能源與負(fù)荷中心地理距離相對(duì)較短，大多分散就近接入，就地消納，開發(fā)成本較低。,我國風(fēng)電、光伏發(fā)電等新能源遠(yuǎn)離負(fù)荷中心，必須遠(yuǎn)距離大容量輸送，開發(fā)成本較高。,高集中、遠(yuǎn)距離,分散開發(fā)、,就近消納,歐美國家在發(fā)展新能源發(fā)電的同時(shí)也大力發(fā)展燃油、燃?xì)獾日{(diào)節(jié)能力強(qiáng)的機(jī)組，以滿足風(fēng)電大規(guī)模并網(wǎng)的需要。,我國以火電為主，占總裝機(jī)容量的,76%,，系統(tǒng)調(diào)峰調(diào)頻能力有限；系統(tǒng)峰谷差大。,系統(tǒng)調(diào)峰能力不足,與其它電源,協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展,歐美國家電網(wǎng)聯(lián)系緊密，功率交換能力強(qiáng)，為新能源發(fā)電跨區(qū)、跨國消納提供了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。,目前，我國區(qū)域電網(wǎng)之間聯(lián)系較弱，功率交換能力不強(qiáng)。,弱聯(lián)網(wǎng),強(qiáng)聯(lián)網(wǎng),國外新裝風(fēng)機(jī)都具備有功,/,無功調(diào)節(jié)能力及低電壓穿越能力；新的光伏發(fā)電并網(wǎng)導(dǎo)則也提出了類似的要求。,國內(nèi)風(fēng)電機(jī)組和光伏電站有功,/,無功調(diào)節(jié)能力差，不具備低電壓穿越能力。,起步晚、不成熟,技術(shù)成熟可靠,我國風(fēng)電場接入各電壓等級(jí)裝機(jī)容量比例圖(2021),Proportion of installed capacity integrated by wind farm to every voltage level,國內(nèi)外新能源利用方式的比照 Comparison of the methods for developing new energy resources at home and abroad,2007,年美國天然氣發(fā)電占,39.5%,，燃油發(fā)電占,5.6%,。,6,大規(guī)模開發(fā)風(fēng)電，需要系統(tǒng)配置足夠的調(diào)峰電源,For developing wind power in large-scale, enough power for peak load is needed,國內(nèi)外新能源利用方式的比照 Comparison of the methods for developing new energy resources at home and abroad,0 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%,129GW,5500,億,kWh,Source: BDEW, Energy Market 2007 Germany,2021年德國燃?xì)?、燃油和抽水蓄能約占總裝機(jī)容量的25%，其他可調(diào)峰電源8 % 。德國快速調(diào)節(jié)電源約占25%。,7,大規(guī)模開發(fā)風(fēng)電，需要系統(tǒng)配置足夠的調(diào)峰電源,For developing wind power in large-scale, enough power for peak load is needed,國內(nèi)外新能源利用方式的比照 Comparison of the methods for developing new energy resources at home and abroad,第二局部,國內(nèi)外風(fēng)電開展?fàn)顩r,Second part Wind power development situation at home and abroad,年份,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,中國電源總裝機(jī)容量,（,MW,）,356,570,391,410,440,000,500,000,600,000,713,290,790,000,874,070,中國風(fēng)電總裝機(jī)容量,（,MW,）,445.0,568.4,763.8,1260.0,2560.0,6050.0,1215.3,(8940.0),2268,(1613.0),中國的風(fēng)電裝機(jī)比例,（,%,）,0.13,0.15,0.17,0.25,0.43,0.84,1.13,1.84,世界風(fēng)電總裝機(jī)容量,（,MW,）,31,000,40,300,47,317,59,004,73,904,93,849,121,188,159,213,中國的風(fēng)電裝機(jī)容量,Chinas wind power installed capacity,數(shù)據(jù)來源：中國電力企業(yè)聯(lián)合會(huì),/WWEA (World Wind Energy Association),國內(nèi)外風(fēng)電開展?fàn)顩r,Wind power development situations at home and abroad,世界風(fēng)電裝機(jī),中國風(fēng)電裝機(jī),十年年均增長,31.8%,十年年均增長,70%,世界和中國風(fēng)電開展速度,The pace of the development of wind electricity in China and the world,國內(nèi)外風(fēng)電開展?fàn)顩r,Wind power development situations at home and abroad,11,Situation of new energy development in the world,風(fēng)力發(fā)電正朝著大型化、規(guī)?；姆较蜷_展,Wind power is moving in the direction towards large-scale,世界風(fēng)電裝備技術(shù)開展趨勢(shì),來源：德國風(fēng)能研究所DEWI,全球新能源開展形勢(shì),Repower 5M,雙饋感應(yīng)電機(jī)變速風(fēng)電機(jī)組,Repower 5M Doubly Fed Induction Generator,其葉片直徑,126,米，機(jī)艙重量,400,噸，輪轂高度,100-120,米,Basic principle and development of wind power generation technology,風(fēng)力發(fā)電技術(shù)的根本原理及其開展,Tibet,西藏,Northwest power grid,西北電網(wǎng),Central China power grid,華中電網(wǎng),Taiwan,臺(tái)灣,South China power grid,南方電網(wǎng),七個(gè)千萬千瓦風(fēng)電基地,North China power grid,華北電網(wǎng),East China power grid,華東電網(wǎng),Northeast power grid,東北電網(wǎng),Seven10 Million Kilowatts of Wind Power Base,國內(nèi)外風(fēng)電開展?fàn)顩r,Wind power development situations at home and abroad,七個(gè)千萬千瓦基地的開發(fā)目標(biāo)2021年為1.4億千瓦,規(guī)劃內(nèi)容簡介沿海地區(qū)風(fēng)電場開展規(guī)劃,Introduction of development plan - development program,of wind power plant in coastal areas,風(fēng)電場現(xiàn)狀2021年,風(fēng)電場規(guī)劃,-,與電網(wǎng)之間的位置對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系,潮,間,帶,鹽城北,+,連云港,鹽城東,射陽、東臺(tái)、大豐,鹽城南,南通北,東臺(tái)、如東,第三局部,風(fēng)力發(fā)電的特點(diǎn),Third part Characteristics of wind power,發(fā)電類型,火電和水電,風(fēng)力發(fā)電,輸出功率,可調(diào)度,間歇性,不能按計(jì)劃發(fā)電，調(diào)度困難,發(fā)電機(jī)種類,同步發(fā)電機(jī)，一般發(fā)電廠包含數(shù)臺(tái)或十幾臺(tái)機(jī)組,采用多種發(fā)電機(jī)技術(shù)；,變速風(fēng)電機(jī)組采用電力電子控制技術(shù)；大型風(fēng)電場包含數(shù)百臺(tái)機(jī)組；,暫態(tài)響應(yīng)特性,有電壓支撐能力，需保持同步運(yùn)行，易發(fā)生暫態(tài),穩(wěn)定問題,不同類型的風(fēng)電機(jī)組在故障時(shí)的暫態(tài)響應(yīng)特性不同,運(yùn)行特性取決于,發(fā)電機(jī)組和勵(lì)磁系統(tǒng)的,特性,風(fēng)電機(jī)群的特性和協(xié)調(diào)全部風(fēng)電機(jī)群運(yùn)行的風(fēng)電場綜合控制系統(tǒng),風(fēng)力發(fā)電的特點(diǎn),Characteristics of wind power,50.0Hz,49.8,50.2,發(fā) 電,用 電,常規(guī),電源,用電,負(fù)荷,電網(wǎng),風(fēng)電,電力系統(tǒng)調(diào)頻調(diào)節(jié),Power system frequency control,風(fēng)力發(fā)電的特點(diǎn),Characteristics of wind power,風(fēng)速、風(fēng)向的隨機(jī)變化,風(fēng)速日變化,風(fēng)向日變化,風(fēng)的特性,風(fēng)力發(fā)電的特點(diǎn),Characteristics of wind power,2021 年 寧夏,2021 年 西北地區(qū),Characteristics of,seasonal change of wind power(monthly mean value),西北地區(qū)，春季風(fēng)大，夏季風(fēng)小。,為了平衡風(fēng)電出力波動(dòng)，需對(duì)電網(wǎng)發(fā)電方案進(jìn)行調(diào)整。,夏季水電多調(diào)峰能力強(qiáng)；而冬季水電少調(diào)峰能力弱，在冬季或春季風(fēng)電水平高時(shí)對(duì)調(diào)度的壓力大。,風(fēng)電季節(jié)性變化特點(diǎn)月平均值,2021年西北地區(qū),Northwest china in 2021,風(fēng)電注入增大了等效負(fù)荷峰谷差情況的概率為60。,風(fēng)電注入降低了等效負(fù)荷峰谷差情況的概率為40。,風(fēng)電接入電網(wǎng)給系統(tǒng)調(diào)度運(yùn)行帶來了壓力。,江蘇風(fēng)電場的反調(diào)峰效應(yīng)！,風(fēng)力發(fā)電的特點(diǎn),Characteristics of wind power,小出力低于總裝機(jī)容量的5%的概率接近25%，,大出力超過總裝機(jī)容量的95%的概率接近4%。,甘肅風(fēng)電出力概率分布,Probability distribution of wind farm output of Gansu,風(fēng)力發(fā)電的特點(diǎn),Characteristics of wind power,22,2024/9/18,第四局部,目前風(fēng)電并網(wǎng)的研究情況,Fourth part Research situation of wind power integration at present,對(duì)調(diào)峰調(diào)頻能力的影響,對(duì)無功功率平衡與電壓水平的影響,對(duì)穩(wěn)定性影響,對(duì)電能質(zhì)量的影響,風(fēng)電對(duì)電力,系統(tǒng)的影響,Research situation of wind power integration at present,目前風(fēng)電并網(wǎng)的研究情況,基于感應(yīng)發(fā)電機(jī)的風(fēng)電機(jī)組不具備無功調(diào)節(jié)能力，風(fēng)電機(jī)組,在連續(xù)運(yùn)行時(shí)吸收大量的無功，造成電壓穩(wěn)定性降低。,基于雙饋感應(yīng)發(fā)電機(jī)的風(fēng)電機(jī)組具備無功調(diào)節(jié)能力，可以通過,PWM,變頻器控制系統(tǒng)吸收或發(fā)出無功功率。,目前風(fēng)電并網(wǎng)的研究情況,Research situation of wind power integration at present,東 北,西 北,南 方,西 藏,哈密,酒泉,吉林,江蘇,河北,蒙西,蒙東,“三華受端,電網(wǎng),遼寧,Requirements of the Large-scale wind power development to power network,風(fēng)電規(guī)?；_展對(duì)電網(wǎng)的要求,仿真工具,Simulation Tools,電力系統(tǒng)暫態(tài)混合仿真程序,DIgSILENT/PowerFactory,電力系統(tǒng)分析綜合程序,PSASP,電力系統(tǒng)分析軟件工具,PSD-BPA,電力系統(tǒng)電磁暫態(tài)仿真軟件,PSCAD/EMTDC,多區(qū)域可靠性分析軟件,MARS,大型風(fēng)電并網(wǎng)仿真分析程序,Simulation program of large-scale grid-connected wind power system,風(fēng)電規(guī)?；_展對(duì)電網(wǎng)的要求,Requirements of the Large-scale wind power development to power network,變速風(fēng)電機(jī)組由于變頻器對(duì)電網(wǎng)故障很敏感，電網(wǎng)輕微故障會(huì)引起機(jī)組切除,風(fēng)電機(jī)組沒有低電壓穿越功能，當(dāng)風(fēng)電裝機(jī)更大時(shí)，電網(wǎng)頻率會(huì)有問題,風(fēng)電規(guī)?；_展對(duì)電網(wǎng)的要求,Requirements of the Large-scale wind power development to power network,風(fēng)電裝機(jī)比例較低時(shí)：,When the wind power's capacity proportion is low:,可以允許風(fēng)電場在電網(wǎng)發(fā)生故障及擾動(dòng)時(shí)切除，不會(huì)引起嚴(yán)重后果。,風(fēng)電裝機(jī)比例較高時(shí)：,When the wind powers capacity proportion is high:,高風(fēng)速期間，由于輸電網(wǎng)故障引起的大量風(fēng)電切除會(huì)導(dǎo)致系統(tǒng)潮流的大幅變化甚至可能引起大面積的停電，而帶來頻率的穩(wěn)定問題。,當(dāng)風(fēng)電裝機(jī)增大時(shí)百萬千瓦、千萬千瓦風(fēng)電基地,低電壓穿越能力是必需的,德國的例子,!,風(fēng)電規(guī)?；_展對(duì)電網(wǎng)的要求,Requirements of the Large-scale wind power development to power network,加強(qiáng)大規(guī)模風(fēng)電并網(wǎng)調(diào)度運(yùn)行技術(shù)的研究，例如,:,To strengthen the study of dispatching operation technology with the integration of large-scale wind power, for example:,風(fēng)力發(fā)電調(diào)度模式研究,風(fēng)電調(diào)度運(yùn)行支撐系統(tǒng)研發(fā),風(fēng)力發(fā)電優(yōu)化調(diào)度系統(tǒng)研發(fā),區(qū)域風(fēng)電協(xié)調(diào)調(diào)度控制系統(tǒng)研發(fā),風(fēng)電功率預(yù)測系統(tǒng)的研發(fā),Requirements of the Large-scale wind power development to power network,風(fēng)電規(guī)模化開展對(duì)電網(wǎng)的要求,實(shí)測曲線,以風(fēng)電功率預(yù)測系統(tǒng)的研發(fā)為例,Take the development of wind power forecasting system for example,風(fēng)電規(guī)?；_展對(duì)電網(wǎng)的要求,Requirements of the Large-scale wind power development to power network,國內(nèi)外投入運(yùn)行的風(fēng)電功率預(yù)測系統(tǒng),Wind power forecasting system in operation at home and abroad,預(yù)測系統(tǒng)名稱,開發(fā)者,Prediktor,丹麥國家實(shí)驗(yàn)室（,Ris,ø,）,WPPT,丹麥技術(shù)大學(xué)（,Technical University of Denmark,）,Zephyr,Ris,ø,與丹麥技術(shù)大學(xué),Previento,德國奧爾登堡大學(xué)（,University of Oldenburg,）,AWPPS,巴黎礦業(yè)大學(xué)（,Ecole des mines de paris,）,SIPRE,Ó,LICO,卡洛斯三世大學(xué)（,University Carlos III,）,LocalPred-RegioPred,西班牙可再生能源中心（,CENER,）,HIRPOM,愛爾蘭科克大學(xué)（,University College Cork, Ireland,）,WPMS,德國卡塞爾太陽能研究所（,ISET,）,eWind,美國,TureWind,公司,WPFS,中國電力科學(xué)研究院,風(fēng)電規(guī)?；_展對(duì)電網(wǎng)的要求,Requirements of the Large-scale wind power development to power network,風(fēng)電功率預(yù)測方法,Wind power forecasting methods,Requirements of the Large-scale wind power development to power network,風(fēng)電規(guī)?；_展對(duì)電網(wǎng)的要求,33,預(yù)測時(shí)間尺度：0-48小時(shí)，時(shí)間分辨率：15分鐘,主要用于：合理安排常規(guī)機(jī)組發(fā)電方案，解決電網(wǎng)調(diào)峰問題。,預(yù)測時(shí)間尺度：,0-4,小時(shí)、,15,分鐘滾動(dòng)預(yù)測，時(shí)間分辨率：,15,分鐘,主要用于：實(shí)時(shí)調(diào)度，解決電網(wǎng)調(diào)頻問題。,短期預(yù)測,Short-term prediction,超短期預(yù)測,Super short-term prediction,間歇性可再生能源并網(wǎng)技術(shù)解決措施,Solving measures of intermittent renewable energy grid-connected technology,風(fēng)電功率預(yù)測技術(shù),Wind power forecasting technology,風(fēng)電功率預(yù)測原理,Wind power forecasting principle,物理方法,微觀氣象學(xué)模型,CFD,模型,.,統(tǒng)計(jì)方法,人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò),支持向量機(jī),.,風(fēng)電規(guī)模化開展對(duì)電網(wǎng)的要求,Requirements of the Large-scale wind power development to power network,風(fēng)電開展較快的幾個(gè)國家并網(wǎng)導(dǎo)那么中都有較為完善的風(fēng)電場并網(wǎng)技術(shù)規(guī)定,丹麥：Technical regulation for the properties and the regulation of wind turbines.2004.05,德國：Grid Code, High and extra high voltage, E.on Netz GmbH, Bayreuth, Germany, 1. April 2006,美國：AWEA Grid Code, 2004.05,愛爾蘭: Wind Farm Power Station Grid Code Provisions,蘇格蘭: Guidance Note for the connection of wind farms,Grid code,風(fēng)電規(guī)?；_展對(duì)電網(wǎng)的要求,Requirements of the Large-scale wind power development to power network,一般都對(duì)以下幾個(gè)方面提出了要求：,有功功率及其控制要求,無功功率容量范圍及電壓控制要求,低電壓穿越能力要求,風(fēng)電機(jī)組的電壓、頻率正常運(yùn)行范圍,SCADA,系統(tǒng)與通信信號(hào),風(fēng)電場電能質(zhì)量指標(biāo),風(fēng)電場的測試要求,風(fēng)電模型及參數(shù)要求,Requirements of the Large-scale wind power development to power network,風(fēng)電規(guī)模化開展對(duì)電網(wǎng)的要求,低電壓穿越能力,LVRT capability,Voltage dip caused by grid fault,WT must not trip,WT may trip,風(fēng)電規(guī)?；_展對(duì)電網(wǎng)的要求,Requirements of the Large-scale wind power development to power network,223MW,232kV,234kV,38Mvar,電容器組,55MW,230kV,潮流方向,25MW,故障前,故障后,0MW,244kV,251kV,38Mvar,電容器組,0MW,236kV,定速機(jī)組,電壓明顯升高，潮流大范圍變化。,40,發(fā)電系統(tǒng),輸電系統(tǒng),配用電系統(tǒng),建設(shè)百萬千瓦和千萬千瓦級(jí)風(fēng)電基地；,風(fēng)電難以預(yù)測、不可控制、不可調(diào)度，給電網(wǎng)調(diào)峰調(diào)頻帶來新的挑戰(zhàn)。,輸電通道有效利用、電力消納等規(guī)劃問題；,遠(yuǎn)距離傳輸?shù)碾妷簾o功控制和系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定問題；,海上風(fēng)電的輸變電技術(shù)問題。,改變?cè)蟹派錉畹墓╇娊Y(jié)構(gòu)；,電壓調(diào)節(jié),/,潮流控制,/,電能質(zhì)量等問題；,對(duì)現(xiàn)有配網(wǎng)自動(dòng)化方案提出挑戰(zhàn)。,G,Requirements of the Large-scale wind power development to power network,風(fēng)電規(guī)?；_展對(duì)電網(wǎng)的要求,41,發(fā)電系統(tǒng),輸電系統(tǒng),配用電系統(tǒng),電網(wǎng)友好型發(fā)電技術(shù)；,風(fēng)電檢測認(rèn)證標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和體系。,大規(guī)模風(fēng)電輸電規(guī)劃；,柔性直流輸電技術(shù)；,輸電平安穩(wěn)定支撐技術(shù)；,海上輸變電關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。,分布式風(fēng)電接入配網(wǎng)評(píng)估和規(guī)劃技術(shù)；,分布式風(fēng)電運(yùn)行控制技術(shù)；,需求側(cè)響應(yīng),/,調(diào)度技術(shù)。,調(diào)度技術(shù),大型風(fēng)電基地資源分布及運(yùn)行特性；,風(fēng)電功率預(yù)測技術(shù)；,風(fēng)電調(diào)度運(yùn)行技術(shù)。,根底平臺(tái),試驗(yàn)平臺(tái),支撐,支撐,間歇性可再生能源并網(wǎng)技術(shù)解決措施,Solving measures of intermittent renewable energy grid-connected technology,第五局部,風(fēng)電研究新動(dòng)向,Fifth part New trends of wind power research,提綱,Introduction,簡介,Examples of Wind Curtailment,棄風(fēng)案例,Generator interconnection,并網(wǎng),Contractual,協(xié)議,Bid-based curtailment,招標(biāo)法棄風(fēng),Daily operating limits,日常運(yùn)行限制,By type of wind technology,依據(jù)風(fēng)電技術(shù)類型,Amount of available reserves,備用電源量,Compensation,補(bǔ)償,Curtailment Data,棄風(fēng)數(shù)據(jù),Conclusions,結(jié)論,43,Exeter Associates,Outline,Introduction,Wind power development has increased dramatically over the last decade, while transmission investment in many regions has failed to keep pace.,Additionally, wind facility construction times are much shorter than for transmission.,44,Exeter Associates, Inc.,風(fēng)電在過去的十年中開展非常迅猛，然而在很多地方輸電投資卻跟不上,而且風(fēng)電場建設(shè)所需時(shí)間遠(yuǎn)低于輸電設(shè)施建設(shè)的時(shí)間,簡介,45,2024/9/18,Wind may blow stronger at night when loads are low.,This has resulted in situations where wind energy production can at times exceed the electricity systems ability to operate reliably.,Curtailment of wind energy has increased as a result.,夜晚用電負(fù)荷低的時(shí)候，風(fēng)資源卻偏偏更好,這導(dǎo)致，有些時(shí)候，風(fēng)電會(huì)超出電力系統(tǒng)的接納能力，危及電網(wǎng)的平安運(yùn)行,棄風(fēng)成為無奈的選擇,簡介,Introduction,Why Important for China,Significant international experience and experimentation with wind curtailment.,International experience can provide useful experience from both system and generation perspective.,46,Exeter Associates, Inc.,重要的國際棄風(fēng)經(jīng)驗(yàn)和實(shí)驗(yàn),這些國際經(jīng)驗(yàn)可以從發(fā)電端和電力系統(tǒng)兩個(gè)方面提供有用的參考,對(duì)中國的重要意義,Curtailment Data,47,Exeter Associates,Curtailment data can be difficult to acquire as there are seldom requirements in place for reporting it.,缺少相關(guān)規(guī)定導(dǎo)致棄風(fēng)數(shù)據(jù)難以獲取,棄風(fēng)數(shù)據(jù),48,2024/9/18,Entity,單位,Curtailment Data,棄風(fēng)數(shù)據(jù),BPA,As of March 30, 2010, total cumulative capacity of wind that has been limited is 2900 MW.,ERCOT,In 2009, curtailed on average around 500 to 2,000 MW daily, max amount approximately 3,900 MW. ERCOT curtailed about 16% of wind generation in 2009.,Midwest ISO,In 2009, around 1,100 incidences of wind curtailment totaling about 200,000 MWh, representing about 1%of total wind generation.,SCE,About 15 MW for 3-4 hours every two days from a single wind plant in Tehachapi (contractual arrangement).,Xcel,In 2009, 42,359 MWh of wind generation in Minnesota and 18,991 MWh of wind generation in Colorado were curtailed.,Alberta ESO,Curtailed wind for about 838 hours in 2009.,Denmark,May curtail over 20% of marginal wind production,Germany,Between 2004 and 2006, approximately 74,000 MWh of wind energy was curtailed.,Ireland,In 2008, approximately 100 MWh of wind energy was curtailed.,Spain,In 2009, approximately 54,000 MWh of wind curtailed, or about 0.15% of total wind production. Expected to increase dramatically to as much as 6.8%.,The table below gives some data for various jurisdictions.,下表給出不同地區(qū)的一些數(shù)據(jù),棄風(fēng)數(shù)據(jù),Curtailment Data,49,2024/9/18,并網(wǎng)情況,Condition of Generator Interconnection,Examples: E.On Netz and BPA,E.On Netz in Germany required wind generators to accept wind power management for interconnecting in certain areas until transmission upgrades were completed.,Bonneville Power Administration in Western U.S. includes curtailment procedures in large generation interconnection agreements for wind facilities.,實(shí)例: E.On Netz 和 BPA,德國E.On Netz 要求那些在特定地區(qū)并網(wǎng)的風(fēng)電供給商，在該地區(qū)輸電設(shè)施升級(jí)完成之前，要接受風(fēng)電管理 。,美國西部的邦維爾電力局在大規(guī)模發(fā)電并網(wǎng)協(xié)議中針對(duì)風(fēng)電增加了棄風(fēng)程序要求。,50,2024/9/18,Example: Xcel Energy,Xcel Energy has contractual agreements with wind plants in Minnesota and Colorado to provide set amounts of curtailment.,The Logan Wind plant in Colorado has a contract to provide up to 14 GWh of annual curtailment at no cost, as of 2021.,Wind plants in Minnesota curtailed on a rotational basis and are made whole by Xcel for the curtailed energy.,實(shí)例: Xcel 能源,Xcel 能源和明尼蘇達(dá)州和科羅拉多州的風(fēng)電場達(dá)成協(xié)議，約定固定的棄風(fēng)量。,至2021年，科羅拉多州的Logan風(fēng)場簽訂協(xié)議 允許最高達(dá)14 吉瓦時(shí)的年度免補(bǔ)償棄風(fēng)量。,明尼蘇達(dá)州的各風(fēng)場輪流承擔(dān)棄風(fēng)任務(wù)，Xcel 能源和這些風(fēng)場就集體棄風(fēng)總量達(dá)成協(xié)議。,協(xié)議,Contractual,2024/9/18,51,Thanks for your attention!,