外文翻譯--現(xiàn)代汽車轉(zhuǎn)向器

附錄Hyundai Motor on the steering control of the request is lightweight, safe, reliable, and should have sufficient life. In order to meet these requirements, the design of the steering gear should have a reasonable transmission ratio characteristics, the correct gap eating together, a higher transmission efficiency, sufficient rigidity and strength. If the steering gear in the design is reasonable, then the product is good and bad parts of the key issues of manufacturing and assembly. How to control the quality of the product? The key problem is that a reasonable detection methods, the key to strictly control the passing rate of time, such products will be able to guarantee the quality of parts and components. First of all, the quality of shifting ASSY, should control the assembly and to ensure that turning the steering shaft torque and rotational axis and the transmission gap between components. Followed by testing the performance of steering gear, steering gear must also be adopted by all types of test-bed to verify the established angle transmission ratio, transmission efficiency, rotational torque, rigid. In addition to examination other than the above-mentioned steering performance, but also in the pilot stage of its life nuclear reliability and life expectancy that is static torsion test: a thin red hammer, hit test, fatigue life test. To determine whether the quality of the product in hand national standards. Noise from the steering angle repair cream, which is also a test method to detect and can learn from the J class machinery manufacturing industry in China''in the past only means to recognize the importance of detection, and the lack of''lack of testing and testing of the poor law awareness. So have some of the parts is a qualified products l materials, and assembly of products from the pilot test proved to be defective, or: The test can verify the quality of products and design for the steering gear (1) the accuracy of parts of the foot only, finish second, two-phase - the location of the elite "Measuring the content of L steering shaft loaded journal bearings Department feet 'inch accuracy and smoothness, anti-worm or worm-inch accuracy, smoothness and surface hardness and magnetic for testing; steering vertical axis arm journal dimensional accuracy and smoothness, the worm wheel roller bearing of the journal center hole distance, wheel bearing and the journal''hole angle from the Chinese side, the block size, finish and degree of asymmetry; circulating ball tooth-type radial fan, big-law length, journal hardness, the magnetic; browser to Min Xuan cochlear aperture wheel size precision, smoothness, tooth surface roughness, intermediate thick teeth, tooth, tooth degree of asymmetry; ball rolling circle diameter, smooth, cylindrical roller Road''degree of accuracy and bias, raceway adjacent pitch error, cumulative error section of grass lines and sub-rack section from Rolling Road Center, rack section Road center line and the roll of injustice: line degrees; ® carburizing layer thickness, hardness; magnetic flaw detection; shift steering shaft shell aperture, roughness, different degree of heart; shift towards vertical axis aperture arm flying finish, different degree of heart; chaos and steering shaft steering arm hole down the center distance, steering shaft-hole axes and steering arm hole down the center line of the non-verticality (2) parts of cleanliness. Detection of the site is turning - browser shell surface and the surface parts. Detection method is to use cleaning fluid to clean parts, and then the cleaning fluid with impurities, and vacuum membrane leaching; further 120 weeks of petrol industrial solvents the membrane will be washed with impurities. To be volatile after the membrane cleaning fluid, together with the impurities from weighing, with the magnet cellophane packets are sorted in the iron impurities, said the weight of a scrap-iron. The iron filings and then 40 times on the microscope with a disability in most dogs measured particle size (length X width).   (3) assembly of the leakage. Does not allow any leakage of the phenomenon of steering. Because of internal lubricants in the steering gear is used to turn parts lubricated friction pair, and if as a result of damage caused by leaking seals, lubrication will be affected, resulting in increased friction and wear parts and reduce the life span of steering gear; transmission efficiency at the same time will lower. The use of conventional vibration and temperature +40 ° C under the conditions of inspection, the shell and shell cap shaft oil seal joints as well as whether the spill, and water to observe whether there are leakages. (4) after a good tune steering assembly should check the technical requirements flexible and comfortable when turning the steering wheel, there is no axial gap I turn the steering wheel of the total value of the number required to turn around a few cars in line with the original request. Steering gear shift, also known as machine, machine direction, which is steering the most important parts. Its role is to: increase the spread to turn steering wheel and transmission mechanism to change the direction of power transfer. Hydraulic Steering Hydraulic steering vehicles are widely used in marine hydraulic steering and rudder. Drivers can be used through its ability to manipulate smaller shift power to achieve greater control and performance of safe, reliable, flexible manipulation, light. The manipulation of steering is hydraulic, that is in the steering column and steering wheel there is no mechanical connection between the steering gear is between the fuel tank and steering hydraulic pipes or hoses link. When turning the steering wheel, steering wheel rotation in accordance with the relative proportion of transport fuel, the fuel tank directly into the corresponding control side, while the other side of the oil back to tank. BZZ steering is a switch-type full-hydraulic steering valve with the following characteristics: the elimination of mechanical linkage device, the host can reduce costs, provide a reliable, lightweight structures, manipulation of a flexible lightweight, safe, reliable, and can be very small continuous torque stepless control of rotation, provided to the control loop, as well as a wide range of host size choice, able to shift and a variety of pumps and hydraulic supply system. Steering by the structure can be divided into many types. History, there have been many forms of steering, there is currently more commonly used rack and pinion, worm means crank pins, recycling the ball - rack fan gear type, recycling the ball crank pins means, such as worm-type wheel. The second, fourth, respectively, is the first, the third form of the deformation, and the worm wheel is even more rare type. If the form in accordance with assistance, but also can be divided into mechanical (no help), and power-style (with help) two types of power steering which can be divided into pressure and motivation, hydraulic-power, electric power-type, electro-hydraulic power types of blocks. 1) It is a rack and pinion of steering one of the most common. The basic structure is a pair of mutually meshing rack and pinion. Pinion steering drive shaft rotates, rack linear motion would be done. In some cases, directly driven by the rack cross-bar, you can make of steering wheel shift. So, this is one of the most simple steering. Its advantage is simple structure, low-cost, steering sensitivity, small size, can be directly cross-link. In widely used vehicle. It is a worm for the active parts, crank pin for the steering gear follower. Worm has a trapezoidal thread, referring to a finger-shaped pin with tapered bearings in the crank bearings, the crank shaft and the shift into one arm. Shifted through steering wheel rotating worm, helical worm embedded in the cone-shaped slot means the marketing side of the rotation, the side rocker shaft to do around the shifted arc movement, thereby stimulating and steering crank arm swing down and then turning to make shift transmission wheel deflection. This steering is usually used to turn power on a larger truck. Circulating ball-type: This device is turned by the gear mechanism from the steering wheel to slow down the rotation of power, so that the rotation of steering wheel movement into rotary movement of the turbine worm, ball screw and nut holding the ball engagement, which Ball screw linear motion into rotary movement, with the fan-shaped nut meshing gears, linear motion into rotary movement again to shake the rod arm, link arm moving again so that even the bar and cross bar to do a straight-line movement to change the wheels direction. This is a classical institutions, most modern cars no longer have to use, but the way was the latest by the application of power steering device. It is equivalent to the principle use of nuts and bolts in the rotation process of relative movement, and in between the thread and thread the ball into the folder to reduce the resistance, all the ball, both connected in a closed loop of the spiral curve rolling ball club is named after the cycle. Hydraulic rack and pinion steering gear is relative to the case of rack and pinion steering gear machinery, mainly to increase the steering pump, steering oiler, steering pipeline, steering valve, steering components, such as fuel tanks, with a view to improve the pilot hand, the purpose of increasing power steering of the steering device. After 10 years of internal development, has become a mature R & D and manufacturing technology manufacturers have Yubei Koyo Steering Gear Co., Ltd. and other enterprises. 1 With the rapid development of automobile industry, as well as for comfort, safety and continuous improvement in performance, steering systems are also changing with the advance of technology. For the time being, electric power steering system is turning the forefront of the industry research projects, in accordance with its distribution of the form of string can be divided into power, gear Power, power rack, power bar, the form of electro-hydraulic power. Ago in some sci-fi movies of the unmanned aircraft can occur, such as unmanned aerial vehicle is now a reality, steering systems are moving in the direction of the development of more advanced, such as research and development from Japan JTEKT advanced by the steer-by-wire systems. In this paper, choice-based recycling the ball GX1608A gear - steering rack as a research topic, its main contents are: knowledge of automotive steering gear, ball-type steering gear cycle of the main parameters and design choices. Design also includes the shift rocker shaft, involute spline, fan gear shaft and screw shaft design and verification. According to its own independent study completed by the steering shaft and screw shaft rocker design and verification, in other parts of the network, as well as through the school library to collect relevant information and fax to the future, in the papers have used information the mark. The design has been through a total of about 16 Chinese and foreign-related literature, and learn from the relevant parts of which the essence of the final design of the times. Because of its limited ability to learn and, I urge teachers and experts have pointed out that less than one.現(xiàn)代汽車對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)向器的要求是操縱輕便，安全、可靠，并應(yīng)具有足夠的使用壽命。為了滿足上述要求，在轉(zhuǎn)向器設(shè)計(jì)上應(yīng)具有合理的傳動(dòng)比特性，正確的啃合間隙，較高的傳動(dòng)效率，足夠的剛性和強(qiáng)度。如果轉(zhuǎn)向器在設(shè)計(jì)上是合理的，那么決定產(chǎn)品好壞的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題就是零部件的制造和裝配。如何控制產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量?關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題在于合理的檢測(cè)方法，嚴(yán)格控制關(guān)鍵項(xiàng)次的合格率，這樣就能保證產(chǎn)品零部件的質(zhì)量。首先轉(zhuǎn)向器總成的質(zhì)量，應(yīng)在裝配時(shí)控制并保證轉(zhuǎn)向軸的轉(zhuǎn)向力矩和轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸與被傳動(dòng)部件之間的問(wèn)隙。其次檢測(cè)轉(zhuǎn)向器的性能，還必須通過(guò)各類轉(zhuǎn)向器試驗(yàn)臺(tái)來(lái)驗(yàn)證立的角傳動(dòng)比、傳動(dòng)效率、轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)力矩、剛性。除考核上述轉(zhuǎn)向器性能指標(biāo)以外，還應(yīng)在，試驗(yàn)臺(tái)上壽核它的可靠性和壽命即靜扭試驗(yàn)：薄錘沖、擊試驗(yàn)、疲勞壽命試驗(yàn)?？梢源_定產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量是否合手國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。從轉(zhuǎn)向囂修理的角度來(lái)霜，這些檢測(cè)和試驗(yàn)方法也是可以借鑒的J我國(guó)班機(jī)械制造行業(yè)''中，過(guò)去僅僅認(rèn)識(shí)到檢測(cè)手段的重要性，而缺''乏對(duì)試驗(yàn)和試驗(yàn)窮法的認(rèn)識(shí)。所以造成一些產(chǎn)品的零件是合格l品，而裝配出來(lái)的產(chǎn)品通過(guò)檢驗(yàn)或者試驗(yàn)證明是次品：通過(guò)試驗(yàn)可以驗(yàn)證產(chǎn)品的好壞，并可以為轉(zhuǎn)向器的設(shè)計(jì) (1)零件的尺才精度、光潔度二相二是-位置精"度檢測(cè)內(nèi)容L轉(zhuǎn)向器軸裝軸承處的軸頸尺寸精度和光潔度，蝸桿或蝸桿的反寸精度、光潔度和表面硬度與磁為探傷；轉(zhuǎn)向器垂臂軸軸頸尺寸精度和光潔度，蝸桿滾輪式的滾輪軸承孔到軸頸中心的距離，滾輪軸承孔與軸頸''中必夾角，開(kāi)擋尺寸，光潔度和不對(duì)稱度；循環(huán)球式的扇齒徑向跳動(dòng)，大端公法線長(zhǎng)度，軸頸硬度，磁力探傷了；轉(zhuǎn)閩器蝸軒滾輪的孔徑尺寸精度，光潔度，齒面光潔度，中間齒齒厚，齒形，齒形不對(duì)稱度；循環(huán)球式滾道直徑、光潔度，滾道圓柱準(zhǔn)確''度及偏差、滾道相鄰節(jié)距誤差、節(jié)草累積誤差子齒條節(jié)線與滾道中心距，齒條節(jié)線與滾道中心的不平：行度；®滲碳層厚度、硬度；磁力探傷；轉(zhuǎn)向器殼轉(zhuǎn)向軸孔徑，光潔度、不同心度；轉(zhuǎn)向軸轉(zhuǎn)向垂臂孔徑飛光潔度、不同心度；轉(zhuǎn)向軸亂與轉(zhuǎn)向垂臂孔中心距，轉(zhuǎn)向軸孔與轉(zhuǎn)向垂臂軸孔中心線的不垂直度 (2)零件的清潔度。檢測(cè)部位是轉(zhuǎn)向-器殼內(nèi)表面及零件表面。檢測(cè)方法是將零件用清洗液清洗，然后將帶有雜質(zhì)的清洗液，用濾膜進(jìn)行真空抽濾；再周120號(hào)工業(yè)溶劑汽油將帶有雜質(zhì)的濾膜洗凈。待清洗液揮發(fā)后將濾膜連同雜質(zhì)起稱重，用包有玻璃紙的磁鐵分揀雜質(zhì)中的鐵屑，稱得鐵屑重量。了然后將鐵屑放在40倍以士的顯微鏡上測(cè)出最犬顆粒尺寸(長(zhǎng)X寬)。 (3)總成的滲漏。轉(zhuǎn)向器不允許有滲漏現(xiàn)象。因?yàn)樵谵D(zhuǎn)向器內(nèi)部的潤(rùn)滑油是用來(lái)潤(rùn)滑轉(zhuǎn)向部件摩擦副的，如果由于密封件損壞造成滲漏，就會(huì)影響潤(rùn)滑，從而導(dǎo)致摩擦零件加劇磨損，降低轉(zhuǎn)向器的壽命；同時(shí)傳動(dòng)效率也會(huì)降低。 利用常規(guī)震動(dòng)和+40°C加溫條件下檢查，殼體和殼蓋接合面處以及轉(zhuǎn)軸油封處是否漏油，同時(shí)浸水，觀察有否滲水現(xiàn)象。 (4)轉(zhuǎn)向器調(diào)好后應(yīng)檢查總成的技術(shù)要求時(shí)方向盤轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)靈活自如，沒(méi)有軸向間隙I方向盤的總轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)符合規(guī)定值，向左右的轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)也符合原車要求。轉(zhuǎn)向器又名轉(zhuǎn)向機(jī)、方向機(jī)，它是轉(zhuǎn)向系中最重要的部件。它的作用是：增大轉(zhuǎn)向盤傳到轉(zhuǎn)向傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的力和改變力的傳遞方向。全液壓轉(zhuǎn)向器 全液壓轉(zhuǎn)向器廣泛應(yīng)用于車輛轉(zhuǎn)向和船舶液壓舵。駕駛?cè)藛T通過(guò)它可以用較小的操縱力實(shí)現(xiàn)較大的轉(zhuǎn)向力控制，并且在性能上安全、可靠、操縱上靈活、輕便。轉(zhuǎn)向器的操縱是全液壓式，也就是說(shuō)在轉(zhuǎn)向柱和轉(zhuǎn)向輪之間沒(méi)有機(jī)械連接，在轉(zhuǎn)向器與轉(zhuǎn)向油缸之間是液壓管或軟管鏈接。當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)方向盤，轉(zhuǎn)向器根據(jù)方向盤轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)比例輸送相對(duì)的油量，該油量直接流到操縱缸相應(yīng)一側(cè)，同時(shí)另一側(cè)的油量回到油箱。BZZ轉(zhuǎn)向器是一種轉(zhuǎn)閥式全液壓轉(zhuǎn)向器，具有以下特點(diǎn)：消除機(jī)械式聯(lián)動(dòng)裝置，可以降低主機(jī)成本，提供可靠輕便的結(jié)構(gòu)，操縱靈活輕便，安全可靠，可以很小的力矩進(jìn)行連續(xù)無(wú)級(jí)控制轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，提供給控制回路以及主機(jī)尺寸廣泛的選擇面，能和多種轉(zhuǎn)向油泵及液壓供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)連接。 轉(zhuǎn)向器按結(jié)構(gòu)形式可分為多種類型。歷史上曾出現(xiàn)過(guò)許多種形式的轉(zhuǎn)向器，目前較常用的有齒輪齒條式、蝸桿曲柄指銷式、循環(huán)球-齒條齒扇式、循環(huán)球曲柄指銷式、蝸桿滾輪式等。其中第二、第四種分別是第一、第三種的變形形式，而蝸桿滾輪式則更少見(jiàn)。如果按照助力形式，又可以分為機(jī)械式（無(wú)助力），和動(dòng)力式（有助力）兩種，其中動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向器又可以分為氣壓動(dòng)力式、液壓動(dòng)力式、電動(dòng)助力式、電液助力式等種類。 1）齒輪齒條式它是一種最常見(jiàn)的轉(zhuǎn)向器。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)是一對(duì)相互嚙合的小齒輪和齒條。轉(zhuǎn)向軸帶動(dòng)小齒輪旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，齒條便做直線運(yùn)動(dòng)。有時(shí)，靠齒條來(lái)直接帶動(dòng)橫拉桿，就可使轉(zhuǎn)向輪轉(zhuǎn)向。所以，這是一種最簡(jiǎn)單的轉(zhuǎn)向器。它的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，成本低廉，轉(zhuǎn)向靈敏，體積小，可以直接帶動(dòng)橫拉桿。在汽車上得到廣泛應(yīng)用。它是以蝸桿為主動(dòng)件，曲柄銷為從動(dòng)件的轉(zhuǎn)向器。蝸桿具有梯形螺紋，手指狀的錐形指銷用軸承支承在曲柄上，曲柄與轉(zhuǎn)向搖臂軸制成一體。轉(zhuǎn)向時(shí)，通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)向盤轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)蝸桿、嵌于蝸桿螺旋槽中的錐形指銷一邊自轉(zhuǎn)，一邊繞轉(zhuǎn)向搖臂軸做圓弧運(yùn)動(dòng)，從而帶動(dòng)曲柄和轉(zhuǎn)向垂臂擺動(dòng)，再通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)向傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)使轉(zhuǎn)向輪偏轉(zhuǎn)。這種轉(zhuǎn)向器通常用于轉(zhuǎn)向力較大的載貨汽車上。循環(huán)球式：這種轉(zhuǎn)向裝置是由齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)將來(lái)自轉(zhuǎn)向盤的旋轉(zhuǎn)力進(jìn)行減速，使轉(zhuǎn)向盤的旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)變?yōu)闇u輪蝸桿的旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)，滾珠螺桿和螺母夾著鋼球嚙合，因而滾珠螺桿的旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)變?yōu)橹本€運(yùn)動(dòng)，螺母再與扇形齒輪嚙合，直線運(yùn)動(dòng)再次變?yōu)樾D(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)，使連桿臂搖動(dòng)，連桿臂再使連動(dòng)拉桿和橫拉桿做直線運(yùn)動(dòng)，改變車輪的方向。 這是一種古典的機(jī)構(gòu)，現(xiàn)代轎車已大多不再使用，但又被最新方式的助力轉(zhuǎn)向裝置所應(yīng)用。它的原理相當(dāng)于利用了螺母與螺栓在旋轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的相對(duì)移動(dòng)，而在螺紋與螺紋之間夾入了鋼球以減小阻力，所有鋼球在一個(gè)首尾相連的封閉的螺旋曲線內(nèi)循環(huán)滾動(dòng)，循環(huán)球式故而得名。齒輪齒條液壓助力轉(zhuǎn)向器，是相對(duì)于齒輪齒條機(jī)械轉(zhuǎn)向器而言的，主要是增加了轉(zhuǎn)向油泵、轉(zhuǎn)向油壺、轉(zhuǎn)向油管、轉(zhuǎn)向閥、轉(zhuǎn)向油缸等部件，以期達(dá)到改善駕駛員手感，增加轉(zhuǎn)向助力的目的的轉(zhuǎn)向裝置。國(guó)內(nèi)經(jīng)過(guò)10多年來(lái)的發(fā)展，已經(jīng)形成成熟的研發(fā)和制造技術(shù)的廠家有豫北光洋轉(zhuǎn)向器有限公司等企業(yè)。1 隨著汽車工業(yè)的飛速發(fā)展以及人們對(duì)于舒適、安全性能要求的不斷提高，轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)也隨著科技的發(fā)展日新月異。就目前而言，電動(dòng)助力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)是轉(zhuǎn)向行業(yè)前沿研究項(xiàng)目，按照其布局形式，可以分為管柱助力、齒輪助力、齒條助力、拉桿助力、電液助力等形式。以前在一些科幻電影中才能出現(xiàn)的無(wú)人飛機(jī)、無(wú)人駕駛汽車等現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)成為現(xiàn)實(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)也在朝著更加先進(jìn)的方向發(fā)展，比如由日本JTEKT研究開(kāi)發(fā)出來(lái)的先進(jìn)線控轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)等。 本文選擇GX1608A型循環(huán)球齒輪-齒條式轉(zhuǎn)向器作為研究課題，其主要內(nèi)容有：汽車轉(zhuǎn)向器相關(guān)知識(shí)，循環(huán)球式轉(zhuǎn)向器的主要參數(shù)選擇及其設(shè)計(jì)。設(shè)計(jì)部分還包括轉(zhuǎn)向搖臂軸，漸開(kāi)線花鍵，扇形齒輪軸以及螺桿軸的設(shè)計(jì)與校核。根據(jù)自身所學(xué)獨(dú)立完成了轉(zhuǎn)向搖臂軸和螺桿軸的設(shè)計(jì)與校核，其他部分是通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)以及學(xué)校圖書館的搜集相關(guān)資料和圖文以后做出的，在論文中用到的資料都有所標(biāo)注。